Bermingham, M. J., McDonald, S. D., StJohn D. H. and Dargusch, M. S. (2009) Beryllium as a grain refiner in titanium alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 4811-2: L20-L23.
Solute plays an important role in grain refinement during the solidification of cast alloys and the growth restriction factor is a useful indicator for predicting the grain refining effectiveness of a particular solute. This work investigates beryllium as it is theoretically the most powerful grain refining solute in the titanium system and a relationship between grain size and composition is developed.