School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences - UQ eSpace

A new non-nodulation gene in soybean

2011-07-07T00:00:00Z

A new species of Aponurus looss, 1907 (Digenea : Lecithasteridae) in butterflyfishes (Perciformes : Chaetodontidae) from New Caledonia

Bray, R. A. og Cribb, T. H. — 2007-08-13T00:00:00Z

Aponurus chelebesoi n. sp. is described from Chaetodon auriga, C. citrinellus, C. ephippium, C. flavirostris, C. lineolatus, C. melannotus, C. mertensii, C. pelewensis, C. lunulatus, C. vagabundus, Coradion altivelis, Forcipiger flavissimus, Heniochus acuminatus, H. chrysostomus and H. monoceros from the southern coast of New Caledonia. It is distinguished from most species in the genera Aponurus (synonym Brachadena) and Lecithophyllum by its claviform (as opposed to oval to subglobular) vitelline lobes. Three species, A. pyriformis, Lecithophyllum vogeae and Brachadena cheilonis, have similar claviform vitelline lobes, but differ from A. chelebesoi in their tandem testes and the distinct egg-size.

A new species of Dactylostomum Woolcock, 1935 (Digenea: Opecoelidae) from the goatfish Upeneichthys lineatus (Bloch & Schneider) (Mullidae) in Western Australian waters

2007-08-14T00:00:00Z

Dactylostomum nicolli n. sp. is described from the intestine of the goatfish Upeneichthys lineatus (Bloch & Schneider) (Mullidae) caught off Point Peron, Western Australia. The problem of assigning the new species to the appropriate genus, especially with regard to its close resemblance to Paropecoelus Pritchard, 1966, which also infects goatfishes, is discussed. This is the second report of Dactylostomum Woolcock, 1935 from an Australian marine fish. The new species is distinguished by its elongate form, simple ventral sucker papillae and irregularly shaped ovary.

A new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa : Eimeriidae) from the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Diprotodontia : Phalangeridae)

O'Callaghan, M. G. og O'Donoghue, P. J. — 2007-09-19T00:00:00Z

A new species of Eimeria is described from the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Fifty (24%) of 212 faecal samples were positive for coccidia. Sporulated oocysts of the new species are ellipsoidal to cylindrical, slightly pointed at one end, 41.4 x 22.7 mum, with a double oocyst wall, micropyle, oocyst residuum and refractile polar granule. Each oocyst contains four ellipsoidal to pyriform sporocysts 15.6 x 9.9 mum, with a Stieda body, sub-Stieda body and sporocyst residuum. Each sporocyst contains two sporozoites completely filling the sporocyst and containing a large and small refractile globule.

A new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the stick-nest rat Leporillus conditor (Rodentia: Muridae)

O'Callaghan, M. G. og O'Donoghue, P. J. — 2008-06-10T00:00:00Z

A new species of Neoheterocotyle Hargis, 1955 (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the gills of Pristis clavata Garman (Pristidae) from Darwin, Australia

Chisholm, L. A. og Whittington, I. D. — 2008-06-10T00:00:00Z

Neoheterocotyle darwinensis n. sp. is described from between the secondary gill lamellae of the dwarf sawfish Pristis clavata Garman (Pristidae) collected at the mouth of Buffalo Creek near Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. This is only the second monocotylid species to be described from northern Australia. N. darwinensis is distinguished from the other seven valid species in the genus by the morphology of the hamuli, the dorsal haptoral accessory sclerites and the male copulatory organ. The similarities between N. darwinensis and Nonacotyle pristis Ogawa, 1991 from the gills of the freshwater sawfish Pristis microdon Latham collected in Papua New Guinea are discussed.

A new species of Podocotyloides Yamaguti, 1934 (Digenea: Opecoelidae) from a Western Australian temperate marine fish

Aken'Ova, Thelma O. — 2007-08-14T00:00:00Z

A new species of Podocotyloides is described from Sillago bassensis caught off the coast of Western Australia. This is the second report of a species of this genus from Australian waters but the first of a new species. P. victori n. sp. is one of four species whose vitelline follicles extend into the forebody. It is distinguished from the other three species with vitelline follicles in the forebody by its relatively shorter forebody, smaller eggs and bipartite seminal vesicle. Pedunculotrema Fischthal & Thomas, 1970 is reduced to synonymy with Podocotyloides Yamaguti, 1934.

A new species of Stephanostomum Looss, 1899 (Digenea, Acanthocolpidae) with a bizarre oral sucker: S. adlardi sp. nov. from the common coral trout Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepede, 1802) (Perciformes, Serranidae) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef

2008-02-18T00:00:00Z

A new species of Acanthocolpidae, Stephanostomum adlardi is described from the serranid Plectropomus leopardus from Lizard Island in the northern Great Barrier Reef. It differs from all previously described acanthocolpids in the structure of the oral sucker which is extended into dorsal and ventral lobes each bearing a row of spines. A phylogenetic tree estimated from combined nuclear small and partial large ribosomal RNA gene sequences shows that, despite the unusual oral sucker structure, the species is a true member of the genus Stephanostomum. The molecular results also suggest that Monostephanostomum nolani is derived from within Stephanostomum.

A new species, Pretestis laticaecum, (Trematoda : Cladorchiidae), from Emydura krefftii Gray, 1871 (Pleurodira : Chelidae) from Central Queensland, Australia

2007-08-14T00:00:00Z

Pretestis laticaecum is described from the small intestine of the freshwater turtle Emydura krefftil. The new species can be distinguished from its congener P. australianus by the following characters; significantly smaller ovary, main lymph vessels reach anterior to posterior testis, genital atrium in mid-oesophageal region, small vitelline follicles clumped around the ovary and significantly larger caeca overlapping. The, position of this species and related genera in fish, the life cycle of P. australianus and the presence of P. laticaecum in turtles suggest that it is a relatively recent host capture.

A new synthesis of chiral aminoalkyloxazolecarboxylate esters from isoxazol-5(2H)-ones: the synthesis of almazoles A and B

2007-08-13T00:00:00Z

2-(1-Aminoalkyl)oxazole-4 and 5-carboxylates are available, without detectable racemisation, by a sequence involving N-acylation of isoxazol-5(2H)one carboxylates with phthalimidoamino acids, photolysis of the acylated product, and hydrazinolysis. An application of the procedure to the synthesis of almazole A and B is described (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

A new synthetic approach to porphyrin-alpha-diones and a-2,3,12,13-tetraone: building blocks for laterally conjugated porphyrin arrays

Promarak, V. og Burn, P. L. — 2007-09-19T00:00:00Z

We report the first use of the Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP) for the oxidation of an arylamine to an alpha -dione. The methodology is illustrated by the preparation of free-base and metal chelated porphyrin-alpha -diones in up to 52% yield by oxidation of 2-aminoporphyrins with the DMP. We also found that DMP could be used to oxidise a 2,3-diaminoporphyrin to a porphyrin-alpha -dione in good yield with other free-base diaminoporphyrin isomers forming a trans-porphyrintetraone in 20% yield.

A new technique for the quantification of peripheral edema with application in both unilateral and bilateral cases

2007-08-14T00:00:00Z

Current noninvasive techniques for the routine and frequent quantification of peripheral lymphedema in patients are total limb volume measurement (by water immersion or by circumferential measurements) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). However both of these techniques require standardizing the measurement using a contralateral measurement from the unaffected limb, Hence these techniques are essentially restricted to unilateral lymphedema. This paper describes the results from a preliminary study to investigate an alternative approach to the analysis of the data from multiple frequency BIA to produce an index of lymphedema without the need for normalization to another body segment. Twenty patients receiving surgical treatment for breast cancer were monitored prior to surgery and again after diagnosis with unilateral lymphedema. The data recorded were total limb volume, by circumferential measurements; and BIA measurements of both limbs. From these measurements total limb volumes and extracellular fluid volumes were calculated and expressed as ratios of the affected limb to that of the unaffected limb. An index of the ratio of the extracellular fluid volume to the intracellular fluid volume was determined. This ECW/ICW index was calculated for both the affected and unaffected limbs at both measurement times. Results confirmed that the established techniques of total limb volume and extracellular fluid volume normalized to the unaffected contralateral limb were accurate in the detection of lymphedema (p < 10(-6)). Comparison of the ECW/ICW index from the affected limb after diagnosis with that from the pre-surgery measurement revealed a significant (p< 10(-6)) and considerable (75%) increase. The results of this pilot study suggest that by using multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, an index of the ECW/ICW ratio can be obtained and this index appears to have an equal, or better, sensitivity, than the other techniques in detecting lymphedema. More importantly, this index does not require normalization to another body segment and can be used to detect all types of peripheral edema including both unilateral and bilateral lymphedema.

A new tetraphyllidean genus and species, Caulopatera pagei n. g., n. sp (Tetraphyllidea: Phyllobothriidae), from the grey carpetshark Chiloscyllium punctatum Muller & Henle (Orectolobiformes: Hemiscylliidae)

2010-08-29T00:00:00Z

A new genus and species of tetraphyllidean cestode, Caulopatera pagei n. g., n. sp., is described from the grey carpetshark Chiloscyllium punctatum Müller & Henle in Moreton Bay, Australia. The new genus is placed in the Phyllobothriidae, subfamily Phyllobothriinae. Caulopatera n. g. is distinct from all other phyllobothriine genera in having stalked, circular, non-loculate bothridia that lack an apical sucker, testes that are restricted to the region anterior to the cirrus-sac and circum-medullary vitelline follicles. The new genus most closely resembles Carpobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906, with which it shares non-loculate, stalked, unhooked bothridia without an accessory sucker and testes that are entirely anterior to the cirrus-sac, but differs from it in that it lacks a slit-like opening in each bothridium and flaps surrounding the opening. The possession of bothridial stalks is consistent with two cestode orders, the Tetraphyllidea and the Rhinebothriidea. The morphology of the bothridial stalks is consistent with other tetraphyllidean genera, in that Caulopatera possesses triangular bothridial stalks surrounding the back of the bothridia, indicating that it belongs in the Tetraphyllidea senso stricto, rather than in the recently recognised Rhinebothriidea. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

A new topology for multidentate nitrogen-thioether donor ligands

Sharrad, C. og Gahan, L. R. — 2008-06-06T00:00:00Z

A new 2,2,2-triflouroethanol model for molecular dynamics simulations

2011-03-21T00:00:00Z

An example of competitive inhibition in a monoplex real-time PCR as a cause of reduced fluorescent signal response

2010-03-03T15:50:10Z

An exceptionally rich complex of Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907 (Platyhelminthes : Trematoda) from Siganidae, Labridae and Mullidae (Teleostei : Perciformes) from the Indo-West Pacific Region

Nolan, M. J. og Cribb, T. H. — 2007-08-15T00:00:00Z

We describe an unprecedented radiation of sanguinicolid blood flukes ( Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from two species of Labridae (Choerodon venustus and C. cauteroma), seven species of Mullidae (Mulloidichthys vanicolensis, Parupeneus barberinoides, P. barberinus, P. bifasciatus, P. cyclostomus, P. indicus and P. multifasciatus) and ten species of Siganidae (Siganus argenteus, S. corallinus, S. doliatus, S. fuscescens, S. lineatus, S. margaritiferus, S. puellus, S. punctatus, S. virgatus and S. vulpinus) from sites off Australia and Palau. The flukes were morphologically similar in having the combination of a long thread-like body, tegumental spines in lateral transverse rows, a vestigial oral sucker bearing concentric rows of fine spines, an H-shaped intestine, a cirrussac, a notch level with the male genital pore, a lateral or post-ovarian uterus, a uterine chamber and separate genital pores. These species are divided into two genera on the basis of testis number. Sanguinicolids from Siganus fuscescens have a single large testis between the intestinal bifurcation and the ovary and are placed in Ankistromeces Nolan & Cribb, 2004. Species from the remaining nine species of Siganidae, Labridae and Mullidae are placed in Phthinomita n. g.; these species have two testes, the anterior testis being large and between the intestinal bifurcation and the ovary whereas the small posterior testis is at the posterior end of the body and appears rudimentary or degenerate and probably non-functional. The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA ( rDNA) from 29 host/parasite/location combinations (h/p/l) was sequenced together with that of Ankistromeces mariae Nolan & Cribb, 2004 for comparison. From 135 samples we found 19 distinct genotypes which were interpreted as representing at least that many species. Replicate sequences were obtained for 25 of 30 h/p/l combinations ( including A. mariae); there was no intraspecific variation between replicates sequences for any of these. Interspecific variation ranged from 1 - 41 base differences (0.3 - 12.7% sequence divergence). The 19 putative species were difficult to recognise by morphological examination. We describe 13 new species; we do not describe (= name) six species characterised solely by molecular sequences and three putative species for which morphological data is available but for which molecular data is not. We have neither morphological nor molecular data for sanguinicolids harboured in five hosts species ( Siganus margaritiferus, S. puellus, Choerodon cauteroma, Parupeneus indicus and P. multifasciatus) in which we have seen infections. Where host species were infected in different localities they almost always harboured distinct species. Some host species ( for example, S. argenteus and S. lineatus from Lizard Island) harboured two or three species in a single geographical location. This suggests that, for parts of this system, parasite speciation has outstripped host speciation. Distance analysis of ITS2 showed species from each host family ( Siganidae, Mullidae and Labridae) did not form monophyletic clades to the exclusion of species from other host families. However, a host defined clade was formed by the sequences from sanguinicolids from S. fuscescens.

An expanded cavity hexaamine cage for copper(II)

2008-02-18T00:00:00Z

The crystal structure of the bicyclic hexaamine complex [Cu(fac-Me-5-tricosane-N-6)](ClO4)(2) center dot H2O (fac-Me-5-tricosane-N-6 = facial-1,5,9,13,20-pentamethyl-3,7,11,15,18,22-hexaazabicyclo[7.7.7] tricosane) at 100 K defines an apparently tetragonally compressed octahedral geometry, which is attributed to a combination of dynamic interconversion and static disorder between two tetragonally elongated structures sharing a common short axis. This structure is fluxional at 60 K and above as shown by EPR spectroscopy. Aqueous cyclic voltammetry reveals that a remarkably stable Cu-I form of the complex is stabilised by the encapsulating nature of the expanded cage ligand.

An expanded neutral M4L6 cage that encapsulates four tetrahydrofuran molecules

2012-09-04T00:00:00Z

An expanded phylogeny of the Entodiniomorphida (Ciliophora : Litostomatea)

2007-08-14T00:00:00Z

The Entodiniomorphida are a diverse and morphologically complex group of ciliates which are symbiotic within the digestive tracts of herbivorous mammals. Previous phylogenies of the group have exclusively considered members of one family, the Ophryoscolecidae, which are symbiotic within ruminants. We sought to improve understanding of evolution within the entodiniomorphs by expanding the range of ciliates examined to include the Cycloposthiidae and Macropodimidae (symbionts of equids and macropodids respectively). The entire SSU-rRNA gene was sequenced for 3 species, Cycloposthium edentatum, Macropodinium ennuensis and M. yalanbense, and aligned against 14 litostome species and 2 postciliodesmatophoran outgroup species. Cycloposthium was consistently grouped as the sister-taxon to the Ophryoscolecidae although support for this relationship was low. This suggests that there is more evolutionary distance between the Cycloposthiidae and Ophryoscolecidae than previously inferred from studies of gross morphology, cell ontogeny or ultrastructure. In contrast, Macropodinium did not group with any of the entodiniomorphs, instead forming the sister group to the entire Trichostomatia (Entodiniomorphida + Vestibuliferida). This early diverging position for the macropodiniids is concordant with their morphology and ontogeny which failed to group the family with any of the entodiniomorph suborders. The currently accepted classification of the Trichostomatia is thus deficient and in need of review.

An experimental investigation on the evolution of the molecular weight distribution in styrene emulsion polymerization

2011-03-07T00:00:00Z

An experimental metagenome data management and analysis system

2011-12-01T00:00:00Z

The application of shotgun sequencing to environmental samples has revealed a new universe of microbial community genomes (metagenomes) involving previously uncultured organisms. Metagenome analysis, which is expected to provide a comprehensive picture of the gene functions and metabolic capacity for microbial communities, needs to be conducted in the context of a comprehensive data management and analysis system. We present in this paper IMG/M, an experimental metagenome data management and analysis system that is based on the Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) system. IMG/M provides tools and viewers for analyzing both metagenomes and isolate genomes individually or in a comparative context. IMG/M is available at http://img.jgi.doe.gov/m.

An experimental metagenome data management and analysis system (vol 22, pg 359, 2006)

2011-12-01T00:00:00Z

An extensive repertoire of type III secretion effectors in Escherichia coli O157 and the role of lambdoid phages in their dissemination

2007-08-15T00:00:00Z

Several pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli exploit type III secretion to inject effector proteins into human cells, which then subvert eukaryotic cell biology to the bacterium's advantage. We have exploited bioinformatics and experimental approaches to establish that the effector repertoire in the Sakai strain of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is much larger than previously thought. Homology searches led to the identification of > 60 putative effector genes. Thirteen of these were judged to be likely pseudogenes, whereas 49 were judged to be potentially functional. In total, 39 proteins were confirmed experimentally as effectors: 31 through proteomics and 28 through translocation assays. At the protein level, the EHEC effector sequences fall into > 20 families. The largest family, the NleG family, contains 14 members in the Sakai strain alone. EHEC also harbors functional homologs of effectors from plant pathogens (HopPtoH, HopW, AvrA) and from Shigella (OspD, OspE, OspG), and two additional members of the Map/IpgB family. Genes encoding proven or predicted effectors occur in > 20 exchangeable effector loci scattered throughout the chromosome. Crucially, the majority of functional effector genes are encoded by nine exchangeable effector loci that lie within lambdoid prophages. Thus, type III secretion in E. coli is linked to a vast phage metagenome, acting as a crucible for the evolution of pathogenicity.

An ex vivo, assessor blind, randomised, parallel group, comparative efficacy trial of the ovicidal activity of three pediculicides after a single application - melaleuca oil and lavender oil, eucalyptus oil and lemon tea tree oil, and a “suffocation”

Barker, Stephen C. og Altman, Phillip M. — 2012-02-17T00:00:00Z

Angular momentum conservation in multichannel unimolecular reactions

Smith, S.C. og Gilbert, R.G. — 2011-03-07T00:00:00Z

A recently developed solution of the master equation for unimolecular and recombination reactions is extended to give new means for incorporating angular momentum (J) conservation in the fall-off regime for multichannel reactions. The calculated pressure dependence of a typical multichannel unimolecular dissociation reaction (thermal dissociation of 1-iodopropane) shows that if one of the channels has a transition state with a moment of inertia (I†) significantly different from that of the parent molecule (I) (e.g., a “simple-fission” type), neglect of angular momentum conservation causes the predicted branching ratio to be grossly in error at lower pressures. Specifically, if I† > I the rate coefficient is underestimated whereas if I† < I the rate coefficient is overestimated.

Angular momentum conservation in unimolecular and recombination reactions

Smith, S.C. og Gilbert, R.G. — 2011-03-07T00:00:00Z

It is shown that the master equation describing fall-off effects in unimolecular and recombination reactions, with angular momentum (J) conservation taken into account, can be solved exactly if the assumption is made that the probability of collisional energy transfer in J is independent of initial state; this assumption is shown to be physically acceptable (from general conservation considerations and from trajectory calculations) for typical neutral radical recombination and decomposition reactions. This leads to a J-averaged master equation which can be readily solved by standard means. Illustrative computations using this treatment are presented.

Angular momentum coupling in simple-fission transition states

Karas, A.J. og Gilbert, R.G. — 2011-03-07T00:00:00Z

An efficient means is deduced for calculating RRKM microscopic reaction rates for simple-fission transition states by using a Hamiltonian consisting of the separate Hamiltonians for each moiety (A and B), hard-sphere interactions between A and B, and symmetric tops connected by a light rigid rod; the reaction coordinate is the breaking bond. This extension of the simple Gorin model takes exact account of the angular-momentum coupling between A and B and of the transition-state requirement that the density of states of the activated complex be evaluated with the reaction coordinate held fixed. Evaluation for typical systems shows that the simpler treatment where A and B are treated as independent rotors is both accurate and in accord with experiment, if both are small but breaks down when A and/or B are large. In the latter case, the variational calculation gives a rate coefficient that is highly sensitive to the assumed hard-sphere radii; although the model cannot then be used meaningfully for a priori prediction of experiment, it provides a useful means of fitting extant data to predict falloff behavior.

An improved Greengenes taxonomy with explicit ranks for ecological and evolutionary analyses of bacteria and archaea

2012-03-15T00:00:00Z

An improved method for RNA extraction from carcass samples for detection of viable Escherichia coli 0157:H7 by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

2009-03-30T00:00:00Z

An improved method for undertaking limiting dilution assays for in vitro cloning of Plasmodium falciparum parasites

2011-10-03T00:00:00Z

An improved preparation of 4-amino-3-mercaptobenzoic acid

2007-08-15T00:00:00Z

An improvement in the preparation of some carbohydrate benzylidene acetals

2010-10-12T00:00:00Z

An inactivated Vero cell-grown Japanese encephalitis vaccine formulated with Advax, a novel inulin-based adjuvant, induces protective neutralizing antibody against homologous and heterologous flaviviruses

2010-06-27T00:00:00Z

Advax is a polysaccharide-based adjuvant that potently stimulates vaccine immunogenicity without the increased reactogenicity seen with other adjuvants. This study investigated the immunogenicity of a novel Advax-adjuvanted Vero cell culture candidate vaccine against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in mice and horses. The results showed that, in mice, a two-immunization, low-dose (50 ng JEV antigen) regimen with adjuvanted vaccine produced solid neutralizing immunity comparable to that elicited with live ChimeriVax-JE immunization and superior to that elicited with tenfold higher doses of a traditional non-adjuvanted JEV vaccine (JE-VAX; Biken Institute) or a newly approved alum-adjuvanted vaccine (Jespect; Novartis). Mice vaccinated with the Advax-adjuvanted, but not the unadjuvanted vaccine, were protected against live JEV challenge. Equine immunizations against JEV with Advax-formulated vaccine similarly showed enhanced vaccine immunogenicity, confirming that the adjuvant effects of Advax are not restricted to rodent models. Advax-adjuvanted JEV vaccine elicited a balanced T-helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 immune response against JEV with protective levels of cross-neutralizing antibody against other viruses belonging to the JEV serocomplex, including Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV). The adjuvanted JEV vaccine was well tolerated with minimal reactogenicity and no systemic toxicity in immunized animals. The cessation of manufacture of traditional mouse brain-derived unadjuvanted JEV vaccine in Japan has resulted in a JEV vaccine shortage internationally. There is also an ongoing lack of human vaccines against other JEV serocomplex flaviviruses, such as MVEV, making this adjuvanted, cell culture-grown JEV vaccine a promising candidate to address both needs with one vaccine. © 2010 SGM.

An 'inside-out' approach to suramin analogues

2009-09-03T00:00:00Z

An approach to the synthesis of suramin analogues has been realised, which avoids synthetic problems associated with conventional routes. The use of isobutyl ester protecting groups for sulfonic acids was crucial to the success of the strategy, because these were able to be cleanly deprotected with sodium iodide, yielding the sodium salts of the corresponding sulfonic acids. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An interactive key to fly families: From Australia to the world!

2007-08-24T00:00:00Z

An invited review for Targeted Proteins Database

French, J. D. og Brown, M. A. — 2009-06-04T00:00:00Z

An in vivo cytochrome P450(cin) (CYP176A1) catalytic system for metabolite production

2012-06-13T09:51:39Z

Anion-induced reconstitution of a self-assembling system to express a chloride-binding Co(10)L(15) pentagonal prism

2012-10-03T09:54:45Z

Biochemical systems are adaptable, capable of reconstitution at all levels to achieve the functions associated with life. Synthetic chemical systems are more limited in their ability to reorganize to achieve new functions; they can reconfigure to bind an added substrate (template effect) or one binding event may modulate a receptor's affinity for a second substrate (allosteric effect). Here we describe a synthetic chemical system that is capable of structural reconstitution on receipt of one anionic signal (perchlorate) to create a tight binding pocket for another anion (chloride). The complex, barrel-like structure of the chloride receptor is templated by five perchlorate anions. This second-order templation phenomenon allows chemical networks to be envisaged that express more complex responses to chemical signals than is currently feasible.

Ankistromeces mariae n. g., n. sp (Digenea : Sanguinicolidae) from Meuschenia freycineti (Monacanthidae) off Tasmania

Nolan, Matthew J. og Cribb, Thomas H. — 2007-08-15T00:00:00Z

Ankistromeces mariae n. g., n. sp. is described from Meuschenia freycineti (Monacanthidae), the six-spined leatherjacket, from off northern Tasmania. The new genus differs from the 21 other sanguinicolid genera in the combination of the anteriorly intercaecal and posteriorly post-caecal single testis, the presence of a cirrus-sac, the absence of an auxiliary external seminal vesicle, separate genital pores, the typically post-ovarian uterus and the H-shaped intestine. A. mariae is the first sanguinicolid to be reported from a monacanthid fish.

Ankylosing spondylitis: Plenary discussion and results of voting on selection of domains and some specific instruments

2008-06-10T13:37:14Z

Annotation of metagenome short reads using proxygenes

2011-12-01T00:00:00Z

Anodic behaviour of arsenopyrite and cathodic reduction of ferrate(VI) and oxygen in alkaline solutions

Nicol, M. J. og Guresin, N. — 2007-08-15T00:00:00Z

This paper presents the results of an electrochemical study of the anodic characteristics of arsenopyrite in strongly alkaline solutions and of the cathodic reduction of ferrate( VI) and of dissolved oxygen at an arsenopyrite surface at potentials which are relevant to the oxidation reactions. Cyclic voltammetry at both arsenopyrite disc and arsenopyrite disc/platinum ring electrodes has shown that arsenic(III) is the main product of the anodic process at potentials in the region of the rest potential during oxidation by either ferrate( VI) or oxygen. Evidence for partial passivation of both the anodic and cathodic reactions has been obtained from potentiostatic current - time transients. The initial stage of oxidation by ferrate( VI) has been shown to be mass-transport controlled and this is also true of the oxidation by oxygen in dilute solutions of sodium hydroxide.

Anodic chlorine/nitrogen co-doping of reduced graphene oxide films at room temperature

2012-06-18T10:49:33Z

Room temperature simultaneous doping of reduced graphene oxide films with oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine was performed through anodic polarization in a neutral nitrogen-deaerated KCl electrolyte. The thermodynamic electrochemical windows of water, dissolved nitrogen and chlorine anions were analyzed on the basis of the Pourbaix diagram. Anode polarization demonstrated that the nitrogen, water and chlorine anions can be oxidized at an applied potential of 1.7 V vs. NHE. The oxidative products, i.e. oxygen, nitrate anion and hypochlorous acid, can react with the reduced graphene oxide surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy proved the chlorine–nitrogen co-doping of the treated film, along with an increase of oxygen groups. Surface structure evolution was also confirmed by Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopies. The anodic doping can be hindered by covering the reduced graphene oxide surface with sulfate anions or forming stable carbon–nitrogen bonds. Incorporation of oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine also helps to enhance the supercapacitance of the doped film.

Anomalies between microwave and thermal cure kinetics of epoxy-amine resin systems

2008-06-10T00:00:00Z

The cure of the epoxy systems MY721/27% DDS at 160 degrees C and MY721/32% DDM at 120 degrees C have been investigated in both rectangular and cylindrical microwave cavities and thermally. The cure rates were monitored by FT-NIR spectroscopy over the region 4750-7250 cm(-1). The rates of cure in the microwave cavities, estimated from both the primary and epoxy group concentrations, were found to be different, and different from the rate observed for thermal cure in a heated aluminium block. This anomalous behaviour has been attributed to spatial inhomogeneity in the temperature of the epoxy samples, arising from inhomogeneity in the microwave field in the cavity, rather than to specific absorptions of the microwave radiation by the reactive groups in the epoxy samples, as has been suggested previously by some other authors.

Anomalous scattering analysis of Agrobacterium radiobacter phosphotriesterase: the prominent role of iron in the heterobinuclear active site

2007-08-15T00:00:00Z

Bacterial phosphotriesterases are binuclear metalloproteins for which the catalytic mechanism has been studied with a variety of techniques, principally using active sites reconstituted in vitro from apoenzymes. Here, atomic absorption spectroscopy and anomalous X-ray scattering have been used to determine the identity of the metals incorporated into the active site in vivo. We have recombinantly expressed the phosphotriesterase from Agrobacterium radiobacter (OpdA) in Escherichia coli grown in medium supplemented with 1 mM CoCl2 and in unsupplemented medium. Anomalous scattering data, collected from a single crystal at the Fe-K, Co-K and Zn-K edges, indicate that iron and cobalt are the primary constituents of the two metal-binding sites in the catalytic centre (alpha and P) in the protein expressed in E. coli grown in supplemented medium. Comparison with OpdA expressed in unsupplemented medium demonstrates that the cobalt present in the supplemented medium replaced zinc at the beta-position of the active site, which results in an increase in the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. These results suggest an essential role for iron in the catalytic mechanism of bacterial phosphotriesterases, and that these phosphotriesterases are natively heterobinuclear iron-zinc enzymes.

A noncoding RNA produced by arthropod-borne flaviviruses inhibits the cellular exoribonuclease XRN1 and alters host mRNA stability

2012-11-23T10:47:50Z

All arthropod-borne flaviviruses generate a short noncoding RNA (sfRNA) from the viral 3′ untranslated region during infection due to stalling of the cellular 5′-to-3′ exonuclease XRN1. We show here that formation of sfRNA also inhibits XRN1 activity. Cells infected with Dengue or Kunjin viruses accumulate uncapped mRNAs, decay intermediates normally targeted by XRN1. XRN1 repression also resulted in the increased overall stability of cellular mRNAs in flavivirus-infected cells. Importantly, a mutant Kunjin virus that cannot form sfRNA but replicates to normal levels failed to affect host mRNA stability or XRN1 activity. Expression of sfRNA in the absence of viral infection demonstrated that sfRNA formation was directly responsible for the stabilization of cellular mRNAs. Finally, numerous cellular mRNAs were differentially expressed in an sfRNA-dependent fashion in a Kunjin virus infection. We conclude that flaviviruses incapacitate XRN1 during infection and dysregulate host mRNA stability as a result of sfRNA formation.

An online database for the detection of novel archaeal sequences in human ESTs

2007-09-19T00:00:00Z

We have developed a rapid, automated screening system and online database to detect foreign sequences of archaeal origin in human expressed sequence tags. The aim of the screening is to detect transcripts that may be derived from novel, putative archaeal pathogens or symbionts.

An outbreak of blood disease of banana in Irian Jaya, Indonesia

2007-08-13T00:00:00Z

Blood disease of banana is substantiated by using the polymerase chain reaction for the first time from Irian Jaya, Indonesia.

A novel adaptor-related protein complex.

2011-10-14T00:00:00Z

Coat proteins are required for the budding of the transport vesicles that mediate membrane traffic pathways, but for many pathways such proteins have not yet been identified. We have raised antibodies against p47, a homologue of the medium chains of the adaptor complexes of clathrin-coated vesicles, to determine whether this protein might be a component of a new type of coat. p47 coimmunoprecipitates with three other proteins: two unknown proteins of 160 and 25 kD, and β-NAP, a homologue of the β/β′-adaptins, indicating that it is a subunit of an adaptor-like heterotetrameric complex. However, p47 is not enriched in preparations of clathrin-coated vesicles. Recruitment of the p47-containing complex onto cell membranes is stimulated by GTPγS and blocked by brefeldin A, indicating that, like other coat proteins, its membrane association is regulated by an ARF. The newly recruited complex is localized to non-clathrin-coated buds and vesicles associated with the TGN. Endogenous complex in primary cultures of neuronal cells is also localized to the TGN, and in addition, some complex is associated with the plasma membrane. These results indicate that the complex is a component of a novel type of coat that facilitates the budding of vesicles from the TGN, possibly for transporting newly synthesized proteins to the plasma membrane.