http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/ The University of Queensland en Fez http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:231787 The phase-out of Mulesing by 2010 means the Australian wool industry requires immediate and viable alternatives for the control and prevention of blowfly strike, an economically important parasitic disease of sheep. In this review we have analysed previous research aimed toward the development of a vaccine against blowfly strike and the reasons why the approaches taken were unsuccessful at the time. Close scrutiny has provided new insight into this host–parasite interaction and identified new opportunities for the development of a vaccine. Here we propose that addressing immunosuppression together with the induction of cellular immunity is likely to result in an anti-blowfly strike vaccine, as opposed to the use of “standard” approaches aimed at inducing humoral immunity. 2011-03-07T15:16:59Z Elkington, Rebecca A. og Mahony, Timothy J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:231674 Male-specific volatile components released by the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar, from Australia have been identified as (1S,3R,5R,7S)-1-ethyl-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1]octane and the 7R-epimer (as a minor component) by synthesis and enantioselective gas chromatography. 2011-03-07T15:01:15Z Fletcher, Mary T. og Moore, CHristopher J. og Kitching, William http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:231792 The further development of Taqman quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays for the absolute quantitation of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV1) and Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) viruses is described and the sensitivity and reproducibility of each assay reported. Using plasmid DNA copies, the lower limit of detection was determined to be 5 copies for the MDV1 assay and 75 copies for the HVT assay. Both assays were found to be highly reproducible for Ct values and calculated copy numbers with mean intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation being less than 5% for Ct and 20% for calculated copy number. The genome copy number of MDV1 and HVT viruses was quantified in PBL and feather tips from experimentally infected chickens, and field poultry dust samples. Parallelism was demonstrated between the plasmid-based standard curves, and standard curves derived from infected spleen material containing both viral and host DNA, allowing the latter to be used for absolute quantification. These methods should prove useful for the reliable differentiation and absolute quantitation of MDV1 and HVT viruses in a wide range of samples. 2011-03-07T15:17:30Z Islam, Aminul og Cheetham, Brian F. og Mahony, Timothy J. og Young, Peter L. og Walkden-Brown, Stephen W. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:231670 The absolute stereochemistry of the 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecan-3- and -4-ols that consistently accompany racemic 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane in the female olive-fly (Bactrocera oleae) and in male B. cacuminatus and B. distincta have been determined by enantioselective syntheses and chiral gas chromatographic examinations, and substantial variation occurs between the species. 2011-03-07T00:00:00Z Fletcher, Mary T. og Jacobs, Mark F. og Kitching, William og Krohn, Sabine og Drew, Richard A.I. og Haniotakis, George E. og Francke, Wittko http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:228631 2011-02-09T12:16:39Z White, Jessica og Pacey-Miller, Toni og Crawford, Allison og Cordeiro, Glovanni og Barbary, Daniel og Bundock, Peter og Henry, Robert http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:257873 We used twelve load cells (20. kg capacity) in a mini-lysimeter system to measure evapotranspiration simultaneously from twelve plants growing in separate pots in a glasshouse. A data logger combined with a multiplexer was used to connect all load cells with the full-bridge excitation mode to acquire load-cell signal. Each load cell was calibrated using fixed load within the range of 0-0.8 times the full load capacity of load cells. Performance of all load cells was assessed on the basis of signal settling time, excitation compensation, hysteresis and temperature. Final calibration of load cells included statistical consideration of these effects to allow prediction of lysimeter weights and evapotranspiration over short-time intervals for improved accuracy and sustained performance. Analysis of the costs for the mini-lysimeter system indicates that evapotranspiration can be measured economically at a reasonable accuracy and sufficient resolution with robust method of load-cell calibration. 2011-10-20T00:00:00Z Misra, R.K. og Padhi, J. og Payero, J.O. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:267329 The benefit of using genomic breeding values (GEBV) in predicting ADG, DMI, and residual feed intake for an admixed population was investigated. Phenotypic data consisting of individual daily feed intake measurements for 721 beef cattle steers tested over 5 yr was available for analysis. The animals used were an admixed population of spring-born steers, progeny of a cross between 3 sire breeds and a composite dam line. Training and validation data sets were defined by randomly splitting the data into training and testing data sets based on sire family so that there was no overlap of sires in the 2 sets. The random split was replicated to obtain 5 separate data sets. Two methods (BayesB and random regression BLUP) were used to estimate marker effects and to define marker panels and ultimately the GEBV. The accuracy of prediction (the correlation between the phenotypes and GEBV) was compared between SNP panels. Accuracy for all traits was low, ranging from 0.223 to 0.479 for marker panels with 200 SNP, and 0.114 to 0.246 for marker panels with 37,959 SNP, depending on the genomic selection method used. This was less than accuracies observed for polygenic EBV accuracies, which ranged from 0.504 to 0.602. The results obtained from this study demonstrate that the utility of genetic markers for genomic prediction of residual feed intake in beef cattle may be suboptimal. Differences in accuracy were observed between sire breeds when the random regression BLUP method was used, which may imply that the correlations obtained by this method were confounded by the ability of the selected SNP to trace breed differences. This may also suggest that prediction equations derived from such an admixed population may be useful only in populations of similar composition. Given the sample size used in this study, there is a need for increased feed intake testing if substantially greater accuracies are to be achieved. 2012-02-09T00:00:00Z Mujibi, F. D. N. og Nkrumah, J. D. og Durunna, O. N. og Stothard, P. og Mah, J. og Wang, Z. og Basarab, J. og Plastow, G. og Crews Jr., D. H. og Moore, S. S. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:245183 2011-08-10T00:00:00Z Tarkalson, David D. og Payero, Jose O. og Hergert, Gary W. og Cassman, Kenneth G. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:231552 2011-03-07T14:44:07Z Sun, H. og Miao, D. og Zhang, P. og Gong, Y. og Blackall, P. J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:231711 2011-03-07T15:08:29Z Geering, A. D. W. og Thomas, J. E. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:228539 The carbohydrates soluble in 80% ethanol and in water at 100°C were extracted from two varieties of wheat, barley, oats, rye, triticale, rice and malt. The highest concentrations of sugars soluble in 80% ethanol were found in malt and rye with the lowest in rice. Barley contained the most raffinose and rye contained the most fructan. Rye had the highest levels of water-soluble and total pentosans and barley the highest levels of water-soluble and total (1→3), (1→4)-β-glucans. The total arabinose:xylose ratio varied from 1.2 in wheat and triticale to 0.3 in oats. All were very low in uronic acids. 2011-02-09T12:07:26Z Henry, Robert J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:250901 2011-09-11T07:24:29Z Mace, Emma S. og Rami, Jean-Francois og Bouchet, Sophie og Klein, Patricia E. og Klein, Robert R. og Kilian, Andrzej og Wenzl, Peter og Xia, Ling og Halloran, Kirsten og Jordan, David R. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:245316 Several ion-exchange resins and resin precursor materials formed from natural polysaccharides have been examined by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. NMR spectra of the dry resin contained broad, featureless bands due to the polysaccharide backbone of the resin and additional broad bands due to attached groups. On addition of water to the resin, the resonances for the polysaccharide backbone remained broad, but those due to the attached groups were considerably sharpened. Many individual resonances of the attached groups could thus be assigned, so that changes brought about by chemical modification of the polysaccharide during the production of an ion-exchange resin could be followed. 2011-08-11T00:00:00Z Morgan, Keith R. og Hemmingson, Jacqueline A. og Furneaux, Richard H. og Stanley, Roger A. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:231842 The urgency for adaptation actions in response to climate risks is rapidly growing and climate change mitigation efforts alone are insufficient to avoid further, and often negative, impacts. Although most agricultural producers respond rapidly to changes in their external environment, science needs to play an important, partial role in instigating adaptation actions that go beyond the ongoing, experience-based response process. This requires well-structured, conceptual frameworks that connect science with action. These frameworks must also ensure that the scientific input into the adaptation process remains salient, credible and legitimate. For the field of agriculture and environmental sciences we review the urgency and the theoretical basis for such engagement processes. On the basis of this we propose an adaptation cycle that first, provides a reflective analysis-action continuum; second, ensures broad-based scientific input and feedback; and third, helps to increase the adaptive capacity of everyone involved (including farmers, policy-makers and scientists). 2011-03-07T00:00:00Z Meinke, Holger og Howden, S. Mark og Struik, Paul C. og Nelson, Rohan og Rodriguez, Daniel og Chapman, Scott C. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:271304 2012-03-23T00:00:00Z Smith, John og Lacy, John og Fukai, Shu http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:267439 Existing analyses on climate change impacts (Challinor et al., 2009), adaptation options (Howden et al., 2007), and policy recommendations (Garnaut, 2008) are mostly based on empirical and/or simulation work pursued at the individual crop level, where the key metric is changes in individual crop yields. This contrasts with the fact that farm managers and policy makers support their decisions with information on farm business profits, risks, and cost benefit analyses between alternative options or scenarios. This mismatch of scales was reported in Rodriguez et al. (2011), where they showed that at the farm level, changes in the yields of individual crops can be rather irrelevant to changes in farm profit risk trade-offs in a changed climate. They concluded that “impact assessments and the identification of opportunities for adaptations to climate change should be conducted at scales most relevant to the decision maker; this is paramount in order to adequately account for the large number of interacting factors”; and proposed that “in the case of adapting cropping systems to climate change the farm level should be the spatial scale of choice”. This is because farmers manage complicated farms rather than just crops, where changes in one enterprise at any point in time can limit options spatially across the farm (e.g. due to land, labour or machinery constraints); and temporally across seasons (e.g. due to follow on implications on soil water and nutrients availability, or the need for breaks for pests or diseases between successive crops). Thus, when the analysis is removed from the farm business context, the disconnect between the more technical issues, e.g. choosing a cultivar or a particular rate of fertilisation, and the final decision made on the farm, conspires against understanding why an individual piece of technology is not adopted, or why an apparently “sub-optimal” decision is finally made. In this work we used a whole farm dynamic simulation model (APSFarm, Rodriguez et al., 2011; Power et al., 2011) to capture and quantify as many possible factors acting at the farm level, to more realistically evaluate options and opportunities for adaptation to climate change across four contrasting real farm case studies across Queensland, Australia. 2012-02-10T00:00:00Z Rodriguez, D. og deVoil, P. og Power, B. og Cox, H. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:253671 2011-09-29T00:00:00Z Chapman, S.C. og Dreccer, M.F. og Palta-Paz, J. og Bourgault, M. og Wockner, K. og Zheng, B. og Kearns, R. og Dias De Oliveria, E. og Chenu, K. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:290035 2013-01-27T00:21:50Z Cammarano, Davide og Payero, Jose og Basso, Bruno og Stefanova, Lydia og Grace, Peter http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:228503 2011-02-09T12:03:17Z Cronin, James K. og Bundock, Peter C. og Henry, Robert J. og Nevo, Eviatar http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:282256 2012-09-21T00:00:00Z Smith, N. N. og Kelly, M. J. og Pell, J. M. og Hill, R. A. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:245335 Most lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L. and L. albus L.) grown in Western Australia are sown with simazine, and some with atrazine, to give persistent control of a broad spectrum of weeds. Rates of application are adjusted for soil types yet there can be ineffective weed control and crop damage. The kinetics of degradation in four soils was studied in the laboratory to determine how it varied between soils and was modified by soil temperature, pH, moisture and gamma irradiation. The time for half the herbicide to be lost from the soils (HL) varied from 42 to 110 days at 20°C and -0.08 MPa water potential. Loss was rapid in the first day of incubation and subsequent losses were described precisely by first-order functions. However, the first-order half-lives (t1/2) were 3-21 days greater than the corresponding HLs, because the first-day losses were unaccounted for by the first-order functions. Gamma irradiation had no influence on degradation kinetics which supported chemical hydrolysis as the mechanism of degradation. The t1/2 values were correlated positively with the proportion of applied herbicide that was adsorbed by the soils (PAd). Atrazine was more persistent than simazine and had higher PAd values. The PAd values increased with soil pH, organic matter and clay content. The t1/2 values decreased exponentially with temperatures from 28 to 9-degrees-C, and decreased with soil water potentials from -0.08 to -1.50 MPa for a loamy sand at a near-neutral pH. A computer simulation model gave good agreement with observed residue decays and showed that the initially rapid losses from the soils could be explained by high rates of hydrolysis when all the applied herbicide was in the soil solution and, consequently, herbicide concentrations were high (87-100 mM). Rapid losses of the triazines in the field are likely in warm, acidic soils-particularly if the herbicide concentrations in the soil solution are high for reasons of limited vertical distribution of the applied herbicides through the soil profile. 2011-08-11T00:00:00Z Walker, S. R. og Blacklow, W. M. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:293415 2013-03-11T14:53:57Z Henry, Robert J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:231463 2011-03-07T14:34:18Z McLaughlin, Mike J. og Whatmuff, Mark og Warne, Michael og Heemsbergen, Diane og Barry, Glenn og Bell, Mike og Nash, David og Pritchard, Deb http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:231974 2011-03-07T00:00:00Z Hammer, G. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:286625 2012-12-02T00:00:00Z Cammarano, Davide og Payero, Jose og Basso, Bruno og Wilkens, Paul og Grace, Peter http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:232864 2011-03-07T16:11:51Z Masouleh, Ardashir K. og Waters, Daniel L. E. og Reinke, Russel F. og Henry, Robert J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:232899 2011-03-07T16:13:59Z Shapter, F. M. og Dawes, M. P. og Lee, L. S. og Henry, R. J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:255018 2011-10-12T00:00:00Z Zainuri, M. og Dann, E. og Coates, L. og Irving, D. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:245327 2011-08-11T00:00:00Z Quader, Motiul og Daggard, Grant og Barrow, Russell og Walker, Steven og Sutherland, Mark W. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:228569 2011-02-09T00:00:00Z Jarrett, S. J. og Marschke, R. J. og Symons, M. H. og Gibson, C. E. og Henry, R. J. og Fox, G. P. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:231469 2011-03-07T14:35:17Z Stirling, G. R. og Wilson, E. J. og Stirling, A. M. og Pankhurst, C. E. og Moody, P. W. og Bell, M. J. og Halpin, N. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:255186 2011-10-12T00:00:00Z Dixon, R. M. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:247003 2011-09-04T00:00:00Z Morgan, Jess A. T. og Welch, David J. og Harry, Alistair V. og Street, Raewyn og Broderick, Damien og Ovenden, Jennifer R. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:267573 2012-02-12T00:00:00Z Warren, G. H. og James, P. J. og Neville, A. M. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:231754 2011-03-07T15:13:33Z Lew, A. E. og Bock, R. E. og Minchin, C. M. og Masaka, S. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:231755 2011-03-07T15:13:37Z Lew, A. E. og Bock, R. E. og Minchin, C. M. og Masaka, S. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:254223 2011-10-05T00:00:00Z Power, B. og Rodriguez, D. og deVoil, P. og Harris, G. og Payero, J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:270689 A new analytical method to define and quantify the amylose content in starches is developed using two-dimensional (2D) macromolecular size/branch chain-length distributions obtained by multidimensional size-exclusion chromatography (SEC, also known as GPC) and enzymatic debranching. This method permits clear separation of amylose (low molecular weights, a small number of long-chain branches), amylopectin (high molecular weights, a large number of short-chain branches), long-chain-branched amylopectin and intermediate components. The results are applied to rice starch, normal maize starch, and two “high-amylose” starches (Gelose 50 and Gelose 80) and used to validate four “single-quantity” techniques for measuring amylose content: iodine colorimetry, concanavalin A precipitation, and 1D SEC debranched (or chain-length) and branched distributions. Quantitatively accurate amylose contents can be obtained with the first three single-quantity methods for starch samples with clear separation of the amylose and amylopectin populations, but the 1D SEC branched distribution seriously overestimates the values compared to the other techniques. For high-amylose starches, the definition of amylose content must be taken with caution: it is impossible to separate the different macromolecular populations unambiguously because of the higher abundance of hybrid species. The 2D structural method serves as a reference to identify amylose content and validate single-quantity analytical procedures. 2012-03-20T00:00:00Z Vilaplana, Francisco og Hasjim, Jovin og Gilbert, Robert G. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:270994 2012-03-21T00:00:00Z Aitken, Elizabeth http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:282577 2012-09-28T13:37:56Z Shapter, Frances M. og Fitzgerald, Timothy L. og Waters, Daniel L.E. og McDonald, Stuart og Chivers, Ian H. og Nevo, Eviatar og Henry, Robert http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:231505 The diversity among 40 Australian isolates and eight reference strains of Haemophilus parasuis was examined using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Thirty-four electrophoretic types (ETs) were recognized with a mean diversity per locus of 0.405. One Australian isolate was located in an ET separated by a considerable distance (> 0.8) from the rest of the isolates, suggesting that it may represent a different species or subspecies. The remaining 33 ETs formed two distinct divisions (A and B), separated from each other by a distance of 0.506. All 12 Australian isolates of serovar 5 plus the two reference strains for this serovar were included in Division A. The only other isolates present in this Division were Australian isolates of serovars 4 and 13 and two nontypeable isolates. Division B contained a diverse range of serovars Australian isolates of serovars 1, 2, 7/10, 9 and 13 as well as the reference strains for serovars 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 9. These results supported other studies which demonstrated considerable diversity, and indicate that the population of H. parasuis may contain more than a single species or subspecies. There was considerable diversity even amongst isolates of the same serovar, indicating that serotyping is not a particularly suitable technique for strain typing in epidemiological studies. 2011-03-07T14:39:07Z Blackall, P.J. og Trott, D.J. og Rapp-Gabrielson, V. og Hampson, D.J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:232794 2011-03-07T16:07:03Z Furtado, Agnelo og Henry, Robert J. og Pellegrineschi, Alessandro http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:282571 2012-09-28T00:00:00Z Kasem, Shabana og Waters, Daniel L. E. og Henry, Robert J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:231718 2011-03-07T00:00:00Z Wetzel, T. og Dietzgen, R. G. og Geering, A. D. W. og Dale, J. L. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:229764 2011-02-22T08:45:05Z Candresse, Thierry og Lot, Herve og German-Retana, Sylvie og Krause-Sakate, Renate og Thomas, John og Souche, Sylvie og Delaunay, Thierry og Lanneau, Maryvonne og Le Gall, Olivier http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:255496 2011-10-13T00:00:00Z Lew, A.E. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:255505 2011-10-13T00:00:00Z Lew, A.E. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:245211 2011-08-10T00:00:00Z Brant, Sara V. og Morgan, Jess A. T. og Mkoji, Gerald M. og Snyder, Scott D. og Rajapakse, R. P V. Jayanthe og Loker, Eric S. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:232727 2011-03-07T00:00:00Z Abedinia, M. og Henry, R. J. og Blakeney, A. B. og Lewin, L. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:231491 The efficacy of experimental inactivated infectious coryza vaccines produced by a commercial vaccine manufacturer was evaluated. The vaccines, containing as the adjuvant phase either a double-emulsion mineral oil system or aluminum-hydroxide gel, were administered to 6-week-old chickens as a single dose. Some vaccines were a monovalent product containing a Page serovar C Haemophilus paragallinarum strain, and others were a bivalent product containing both Page serovar A and serovar C strains. After 3 weeks, all chickens were challenged by infraorbital sinus inoculation of virulent H. paragallinarum, either Page serovar C (strain HP31) or Page serovar A (strain HP14). The monovalent serovar C double-emulsion-based vaccines gave significant protection against a serovar C challenge, with the level of protection varying from 60% to 100%. The monovalent serovar C aluminum-hydroxide-gel vaccine also gave significant protection (94%) against a serovar C challenge. The bivalent double-emulsion vaccine gave significant protection against challenge from both serovars (100% for serovar C and 83% for serovar A). Although no major adverse reactions were detected, some chickens receiving both the double-emulsion vaccines and the aluminum-hydroxide vaccine developed relatively minor granulomatous reactions at the site of injection. 2011-03-07T14:37:49Z Blackall, P.J. og Eaves, L.E. og Rogers, D.G. og Firth, G.