School of Agriculture and Food Sciences - UQ eSpace

A GIS Based Assessment of Land Suitable for Growing Hoop Pine in the Atherton, Eacham and Herberton Shires of North Queensland

Baynes, J. — 2007-07-30T00:00:00Z

The area of private land suitable and available for growing hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) on the Atherton Tablelands in North Queensland was modelled using a geographic information system (GIS). In Atherton, Eacham and Herberton shires, approximately 64,700 ha of privately owned land were identified as having a mean annual rainfall and soil type similar to Forestry Plantations Queensland (FPQ) hoop pine growth plots with an approximate growth rate of 20 m3 per annum. Land with slope of over 25° and land covered with native vegetation were excluded in the estimation. If land which is currently used for high-value agriculture is also excluded, the net area of land potentially suitable and available for expansion of hoop pine plantations is approximately 22,900 ha. Expert silvicultural advice emphasized the role of site preparation and weed control in affecting the long-term growth rate of hoop pine. Hence, sites with less than optimal fertility and rainfall may be considered as being potentially suitable for growing hoop pine at a lower growth rate. The datasets had been prepared at various scales and differing precision for their description of land attributes. Therefore, the results of this investigation have limited applicability for planning at the individual farm level but are useful at the regional level to target areas for plantation expansion.

A glasshouse evaluation of the comparative effects of organic amendments, lime and phosphate on alleviation of Al toxicity and P deficiency in an Oxisol

Mokolobate, M. S. og Haynes, R. J. — 2007-10-17T00:00:00Z

The effects of additions of four organic amendments to an Oxisol on soil pH, exchangeable and soil solution Al, extractable P and maize growth were compared with those of lime and P in a glasshouse experiment. The organic amendments were: grass residues, household compost, filter cake (a waste product of sugar mills) and layer poultry manure and they were added at a rate equivalent to 20 t/ha with or without the addition of either lime (equivalent to 0, 5 or 10 t/ha) or P (equivalent to 0, 10 or 50 kg/ha). Lime applications to the control (unamended) treatment resulted in a marked reduction in exchangeable Al, and concentrations of total (Al-T) and monomeric (Al-mono) Al in soil solution and the proportion of Al-T present as Al-mono. In unlimed soils, amendment additions increased pH and decreased exchangeable Al in the order: poultry manure>filter cake>household compost>grass residues > control. The addition of all the organic amendments increased soil pH and reduced Al-T and Al-mono to low concentrations regardless of whether lime was applied or not. As a result, there was no yield response to applied lime in any of the amended treatments. Olsen -extractable P concentrations in soils followed the order: poultry manure>filter cake>household compost>grass residues >control and there was no yield response to applied P for the poultry manure and filter cake treatments. The decrease in adsorption of subsequently added P induced by additions of organic amendments followed the order: poultry manure>household compost>filter cake>grass residues. It was concluded that the addition of organic amendments to acid soils is a practicable way of liming them and reducing the potential for Al toxicity and it can also reduce fertilizer P requirements.

A glass transition temperature approach for the prediction of the surface stickiness of a drying droplet during spray drying

2007-08-15T00:00:00Z

The development of surface stickiness of droplets of sugar and acid-rich foods during spray drying can be explained using the notion of glass transition temperature (T-g). In this work, criteria for a safe drying regime have been developed and their physical basis provided. A dimensionless time (psi) is introduced as an indicator of spray dryability and it is correlated with the recovery of powders in practical spray drying. Droplets with initial diameters of 120 mum were subjected to simulated spray drying conditions and their safe drying regime and 41 values generated. The model predicted the recovery in a pilot scale spray dryer reasonably well. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A global analysis of protected area management effectiveness

2010-11-07T00:00:00Z

We compiled details of over 8000 assessments of protected area management effectiveness across the world and developed a method for analyzing results across diverse assessment methodologies and indicators. Data was compiled and analyzed for over 4000 of these sites. Management of these protected areas varied from weak to effective, with about 40% showing major deficiencies. About 14% of the surveyed areas showed significant deficiencies across many management effectiveness indicators and hence lacked basic requirements to operate effectively. Strongest management factors recorded on average related to establishment of protected areas (legal establishment, design, legislation and boundary marking) and to effectiveness of governance; while the weakest aspects of management included community benefit programs, resourcing (funding reliability and adequacy, staff numbers and facility and equipment maintenance) and management effectiveness evaluation. Estimations of management outcomes, including both environmental values conservation and impact on communities, were positive. We conclude that in spite of inadequate funding and management process, there are indications that protected areas are contributing to biodiversity conservation and community wellbeing. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V.

Agnostic behaviour of red deer hinds given a supplement

Sydenham, C. og Dryden, Gordon M. — 2008-05-12T00:00:00Z

Agrarian transitions in Sarawak: Intensification and expansion reconsidered

Cramb, R. A. — 2011-09-22T00:00:00Z

A grazier survey of the long-term productivity of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala)-grass pastures in Queensland

2011-03-08T00:00:00Z

Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata (leucaena)-grass pastures are productive, perennial and long-lived (40 years). However, little is known about changes in the productivity of these pastures as they age even though they are grazed intensively and are rarely fertilised. A postal survey of beef cattle producers in Queensland who grow leucaena pastures was conducted. The questionnaire gathered information regarding: property location; extent and age of leucaena pastures; soil type; leucaena and grass establishment methodology; grazing and fertiliser management; and grazier perceptions of changes over time in leucaena productivity, grass growth and ground cover, prevalence of undesirable grasses and weeds, and livestock productivity. Graziers were asked to report on both young (≤10 years old) and aging (10 years old) pastures under their management. Eighty-eight graziers responded describing 124 leucaena paddocks covering 11750 ha. The survey results described the typical physical and management characteristics of leucaena pastures in Queensland. Graziers reported a decline in leucaena productivity in 58% of aging pastures, and declines in grass growth (32%) and livestock productivity (42%) associated with declining leucaena growth. Leucaena decline was greater in soil types of marginal initial fertility, particularly brigalow clay, soft wood scrub, downs and duplex soils. Maintenance fertiliser was not applied to most (98%) leucaena pastures surveyed despite significant amounts of nutrient removal, particularly phosphorus and sulphur, occurring over prolonged periods of moderate to high grazing pressure. It is predicted that large areas of leucaena pasture will continue to suffer soil nutrient depletion under current management practices. Research is needed to develop ameliorative actions to reinvigorate pasture productivity. © 2010 CSIRO.

Agricultural land degradation in the Philippine uplands: An overview

Cramb, Robert A. — 2008-06-06T00:00:00Z

Agricultural modernization and state capacity in China

2011-11-07T00:00:00Z

Agricultural production

Fukai, S. — 2008-06-06T00:00:00Z

Agri-food systems and the e-Landscape

Bryceson, Kim — 2012-03-23T00:00:00Z

Agrobacterium and PEG-mediated transformation of the phytopathogen Venturia inaequalis

2009-01-08T10:14:58Z

We report the development of two new transformation systems, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transformation of protoplasts and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of mycelium, for the filamentous ascomycete Venturia inaequalis. New binary vectors have been created for the latter. Although transformation was initially achieved using a PEG-mediated method, this was superseded by the A. tumefaciens-mediated approach. The advantages of the latter include: ease of the protocol, no requirement for protoplasts; higher transformation efficiency; and single-site integration. A comparison between the two transformation methods is presented.

Agroforestry and Biodiversity: Improving conservation outcomes in tropical Northeastern Australia

2007-08-14T00:00:00Z

Agroforestry and Farm Forestry: Support systems to assess the viability of whole-farm and regional agroforestry enterprises

2009-01-15T00:00:00Z

This report discusses research conducted in the eastern Darling Downs of southern Queensland and the northern tablelands of New South Wales covering: • landholder attitudes to farm forestry • the development of a whole-farm financial model – the Australian Farm Forestry Financial Model – that evaluates the financial returns and feasibility of forestry within the farm business • the construction and evaluation of regional farm forestry case studies • the development of a multi-objective decision-support system (MODSS) for evaluation of forestry options from a regional and farm perspective. The project addresses an identified need for additional financial information and decision-support systems for farm forestry at the individual property as well as catchment and regional level. The research provides farmers and policy makers with a multipurpose decision support system (DSS) that will allow comprehensive assessment of the suitability and sustainability of farm forestry.

Agronomic characteristics of annual Trifolium legumes and nutritive values as predicted by near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy

2012-03-13T00:00:00Z

Agronomic evaluation of Leucaena. Part 1. Adaptation to environmental challenges in multi-environment trials

2007-10-17T00:00:00Z

A multi-environment trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of high yielding accessions from most taxa of Leucaena, for broad and specific adaptation to growth-limiting environments, and to develop an understanding of environmental parameters limiting growth of this important multipurpose tropical tree-legume genus. Eighteen sites were selected to include environments known to constrain the growth of L. leucocephala. Accessions were planted in replicated line plots, with 10 trees/plot, spaced 50 cm apart, and with rows spaced 3 m apart. Environmental parameters measured were maximum and minimum temperatures, rainfall and psyllid pressure. Soil fertility and acidity indices were derived from soil analyses. A KX2 F1 hybrid accession proved broadly adapted with high yield rankings in all environments, and with yield advantage greatest at low temperature and high psyllid pressure sites. Specific adaptation to low temperature environments was identified in L. trichandra OFI53/88, and to a lesser extent in L. pallida CQ3439. No accessions were specifically adapted to acid-infertile soils. Highest dry matter production was achieved in fertile, hot, humid, low psyllid environments. Very low growth rates were achieved in acid-infertile and low temperature environments. Yield was strongly reduced by mean monthly minimum temperatures of <22 &DEG;C, mean monthly maximum temperatures of <29 degreesC, psyllid pressure of >2.5 (1-9 scale of increasing pressure based on damage to young leaves), acidity index of <6 (1-7 scale of decreasing acidity based on soil pH and Al saturation) and fertility index of <9 (1-12 scale of increasing fertility based on critical soil nutrient levels).

Agronomic evaluation of Leucaena. Part 2. Productivity of the genus for forage production in subtropical Australia and humid-tropical Philippines

2008-01-25T00:00:00Z

Leucaena leucocephala is an important agroforestry species pan-tropically, but relatively little is known of the forage production potential of other species in the genus. The agronomic potential of 116 accessions, representing the 28 species and subspecies of the Leucaena genus and several artificial hybrid accessions, was evaluated at Los Banos, Philippines and Brisbane, Australia over a 2.5-year period. Accessions were planted into replicated line plots, with 10 trees/plot spaced 50 cm apart, and with rows spaced 3 m apart. The L. pallidaxL. leucocephala KX2 F-1 hybrid accessions were highest yielding at both sites, producing dry matter (DM) yields of over 900 g/m row/month at Los Banos and approximately 320 g/m row/month at Brisbane. In the near-optimal growth conditions at Los Banos, L. leucocephala accessions were highly productive, with the best accessions producing total yields of over 500 g/m row/month. The superiority of KX2 hybrids was most pronounced at Brisbane, where high psyllid pressure during summer, and low temperatures during winter severely constrained growth of L. leucocephala accessions. In the Brisbane environment, psyllid resistant accessions of L. pallida, L. trichandra and L. diversifolia were more productive than L. leucocephala accessions. Leucaena greggii, L. retusa, L. cuspidata, L. confertiflora, L. pulverulenta, L. pueblana and L. involucrata were of inherently low productivity in both the Brisbane and Los Banos environments. Mortality over the experimental period was very low for most species, particularly for L. leucocephala and KX2 accessions. The KX2 F1 hybrid accessions have considerable agronomic potential as alternatives to L. leucocephala for use in tropical agroforestry.

Agronomic performance of 118 Leucaena accessions in the subtropical environment of southeast Queensland, Australia

Mullen, B. F. og Shelton, H. M. — 2008-06-06T00:00:00Z

Agronomic practices for improving yields of rainfed lowland rice in Laos

2007-08-23T00:00:00Z

Agronomy of maize in Australia - in review and prospect

2007-08-24T00:00:00Z

Agronomy Of Maize In Australia: In Review And Prospect

2005-04-14T00:00:00Z

This paper reviews current environmental (climate, soil and water supply) limits to maize production and recent and current agronomic practices, with particular emphasis on cultivar selection, water and nutrient supply and management in dryland and irrigated production systems, plant population and planting geometry and harvest practices (maize for grain only). The review will then examine the potential for expansion in maize production and propose changes to cultivar adapation and agronomic practices that could facilitate increased incorporation of maize in both dryland and irrigated production systems.

A Growth Model for North Queensland Rainforests

Vanclay, Jerome K. — 2006-06-16T00:00:00Z

A model to predict the growth of commercial timber in north Queensland's rainforests is described. More than 100 commercial species and several hundred other tree species are aggregated into about 20 species groups based on growth habit, volume relationships and commercial criteria. Trees are grouped according to species group and tree size into cohorts, which form the basis for simulation. Equations for predicting increment, mortality and recruitment are presented. The implications of the model on rainforest management for timber production are examined. The model has been used in setting the timber harvest from these rainforests, and should provide an objective basis for investigating the impact of rainforest management strategies. The approach should be applicable to other indigenous forests.

A heated air quarantine disinfestation treatment against Queensland fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) for tomatoes

2007-08-14T00:00:00Z

A circulated heated-air treatment at 92% RH to achieve and maintain a minimum fruit core temperature of 44°C for 2 h is shown to disinfest tomatoes against Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) for market access quarantine purposes. The efficacy of the treatment exceeded 99.99%, tested at the 95% confidence level. An estimated 78 439 eggs were used for large-scale trials, as the stage of the pest most tolerant of heat at the treatment temperature.

A heterogeneous-agent model with district-level constraints: an application to livestock development in Gansu, China

Komarek, A. og Brown, C. og Waldron, S. — 2012-03-16T13:04:24Z

A high-throughput SNuPE assay for genotyping SNPs in the flanking regions of Zea mays sequence tagged simple sequence repeats

2007-09-19T15:16:30Z

Information on genetic relationships among individuals is of importance to maize breeders for line and hybrid development. Estimates on the genetic similarity of breeding materials is best obtained using DNA markers. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and small insertions/deletions are both emerging as a new generation of markers, due to their abundance and amenability to fully automated genotyping. Application of SNPs, for example in genetic mapping projects or breeding programs, involves the analysis of a large number of samples, and therefore requires rapid, inexpensive, and highly automated methods to genotype the sequence variants. Towards this, we have applied a high throughput Single Nucleotide Primer Extension assay to assess 23 polymorphic base variations at five microsatellite loci in 22 inbred maize lines, as well as in a mapping population of two of the inbred lines. Using a MegaBACE automated genotyper, we are able to assay more than 1248 (96 x 13) samples in a single 75 minute run. The SNuPE method successfully genotyped the base pair variations of interest in all maize lines. It was also found that primers containing polymorphisms themselves could be used to genotype the samples. This technique allows the rapid production of valuable high throughput information on genetic relationships among maize varieties. We further demonstrate the utility of this method, using it to successfully map one of the microsatellite loci.

A hybrid model for prediction of peptide binding to MHC molecules

Zhang, P. og Brusic, V. og Basford, K. — 2010-04-21T00:00:00Z

A key role for the Defective Embryo and Meristems (DEM) gene in leaf development

2008-06-06T00:00:00Z

A Kinetic Model of the Nutritional Regulation of Forage Intake and Fibre Utilisation by Ruminants

2009-04-03T00:00:00Z

A laboratory experiment, based on the maillard reaction, conducted as a project in introductory statistics

2007-08-15T00:00:00Z

A simple laboratory experiment, based on the Maillard reaction, served as a project in Introductory Statistics for undergraduates in Food Science and Technology. By using the principles of randomization and replication and reflecting on the sources of variation in the experimental data, students reinforced the statistical concepts and techniques introduced to them in lectures before the experiment. The experiment was run simultaneously by several student groups, using the same materials. Comparing the results of their analyses of variance, students became aware of the difference between P values and significance levels in making statistical decisions. In the experiment, the complete randomized design was applied; however, it is easy to adjust the experiment to teach students simple regression and randomized block designs.

A lack of predatory interaction between rumen ciliate protozoa and Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli

2009-11-17T00:00:00Z

Albert Rovira and a half-century of rhizosphere research

Burns, Richard G. — 2012-01-12T00:00:00Z

Th e recognition of the soil-root interface as a zone of high microbial activity is over a century old, but a rational and evidence-based confi - dence in the possibility of its manipulation is much more recent. Today the major emphases in fundamental rhizosphere research are towards describing microbial diversity, translating the chemical language that plants and microbes use and deciphering how the soil properties infl uence communication. Successful modifi cation of the rhizosphere for plant growth promotion and the retention or recovery of soil quality will be dependent on a clear appreciation of the many and often subtle relationships that plants have with each other as well as with the vast numbers of harmful and benefi cial soil microbes in their vicinity. Th e rapidly growing catalogue of plant and microbial genomes and a fast-expanding knowledge of how signals are generated and perceived are playing a big part in our improving understanding. Also important is an acceptance that plant-microbe relationships have co-evolved and are continuing to do so as land use, agricultural practices, soil quality, climate and crop selection change. Albert Rovira’s writings over the past 50 years have played a major role in our exploration and explanation of the rhizosphere. His contributions are as varied as they are profound and encompass technical advances and experimental investigations of the rhizosphere (root exudates, microbial enumeration, ultrastructure, nutrient accession, virulence factors, etc.) as well as applied aspects closely related to plant health and soil fertility (biological control of fungal pathogens and nematodes, ammonifi cation and nitrifi cation, pesticide aff ects, soil structure, climatic impacts, soil management, etc.). Rovira’s research is that rare combination of fundamental studies and their successful application to the real (and often harsh) world of agriculture. Some of the many ways in which Albert Rovira’s discoveries and ideas have provided signposts for current investigations and, ultimately, for accomplishing the sustainable management of soil are summarised in this article.

Algal Populations and Characteristics of Oxygen Exchange of Effluent Samples from a Facultative Oxidation Pond

Irving, Donald og Dromgoole, F. I. — 2005-10-11T00:00:00Z

Algal populations in a facultative oxidation pond were monitored over a 12 month period. The relationships between cell counts of individual species and characteristics of oxygen exchange, determined from changes in dissolved oxygen concentration in response to varying light flux density, were investigated by correlation analysis. These measurements were made in the laboratory at a constant temperature (15 degrees C). Microalgae (Chlorella spp.) usually made up at least 80% of the total cell numbers, whereas Euglena acus, E. gracilis, and Ankistrodesmus falcatus var. acicularis separately made up less than 10% of the total counts. However, when cell volumes were considered, E. acus usually made the greatest contribution, and this species accounted for 86% (=r^2) of the variation in total cell volume. The detectable pigment concentration in the water was closely related to the numbers of E. acus present (r=0.81, P < 0.001) but not to the numbers of microalgae (r=0.00). Cell counts of E. acus were highly correlated with the light saturated rate of net oxygen production (P_n_max) and to the rate under limiting light supply (theta) because of the high detectable pigment contribution from this species. It was calculated that E. acus contributed, on average, about 44% of the total rate of net oxygen production, whereas the proportion attributed to the microalgae was 8%.

Alignment of performance metrics in a multi-enterprise agribusiness: Achieving integrated autonomy?

Bryceson, K. P. og Slaughter, G. — 2011-03-24T00:00:00Z

Alkali hydroxide-induced gelation of pectin

2007-08-15T00:00:00Z

The mechanism of pectin gelation depends on the degree of methoxylation. High methoxyl pectin gels due to hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding between pectin molecules. Low methoxyl pectin forms gels in the presence of di- and polyvalent cations which cross link and neutralise the negative charges of the pectin molecule. Monovalent cations normally do not lead to gel formation with high methoxyl pectin solutions free of divalent cations, especially Ca. The present study found that alkali (NaOH or KOH) added to high methoxyl pectin leads to gel formation in a concentration-depended manner. It was also found that monovalent cations (Na and K) induce gelation of low methoxyl pectin and the time required for gel formation (setting time) depends on the cation concentration. The results indicate that a combined char-e neutralisation and ionic strength effect is responsible for the monovalent cation-induced gelation of pectin. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Allan Callaghan: A Life

Humphreys, L. — 2007-08-10T00:00:00Z

Allelic variation at a single gene increases food value in a drought-tolerant staple cereal

2013-03-14T08:12:17Z

The production of adequate agricultural outputs to support the growing human population places great demands on agriculture, especially in light of ever-greater restrictions on input resources. Sorghum is a drought-adapted cereal capable of reliable production where other cereals fail, and thus represents a good candidate to address food security as agricultural inputs of water and arable land grow scarce. A long-standing issue with sorghum grain is that it has an inherently lower digestibility. Here we show that a low-frequency allele type in the starch metabolic gene, pullulanase, is associated with increased digestibility, regardless of genotypic background. We also provide evidence that the beneficial allele type is not associated with deleterious pleiotropic effects in the modern field environment. We argue that increasing the digestibility of an adapted crop is a viable way forward towards addressing food security while maximizing water and land-use efficiency.

Allelic variation of the β-, γ- and δ-kafirin genes in diverse Sorghum genotypes

2010-11-07T00:00:00Z

The β-, γ- and δ-kafirin genes were sequenced from 35 Sorghum genotypes to investigate the allelic diversity of seed storage proteins. A range of grain sorghums, including inbred parents from internationally diverse breeding programs and landraces, and three wild Sorghum relatives were selected to encompass an extensive array of improved and unimproved germplasm in the Eusorghum. A single locus exists for each of the expressed kafirin-encoding genes, unlike the multigenic α-kafirins. Significant diversity was found for each locus, with the cysteine-rich β-kafirin having four alleles, including the first natural null mutant reported for this prolamin subfamily. This allele contains a frame shift insertion at +206 resulting in a premature stop codon. SDS-PAGE revealed that lines with this allele do not produce β-kafirin. An analysis of flour viscosity reveals that these β-kafirin null lines have a difference in grain quality, with significantly lower viscosity observed over the entire Rapid ViscoAnalyser time course. There was less diversity at the protein level within the cysteine-rich γ-kafirin, with only two alleles in the cultivated sorghums. There were only two alleles for the δ-kafirin locus among the S. bicolor germplasm, with one allele encoding ten extra amino acids, of which five were methionine residues, with an additional methionine resulting from a nucleotide substitution. This longer allele encodes a protein with 19.1% methionine. The Asian species, S. propinquum, had distinct alleles for all three kafirin genes. We found no evidence for selection on the three kafirin genes during sorghum domestication even though the δ-kafirin locus displayed comparatively low genetic variation. This study has identified genetic diversity in all single copy seed storage protein genes, including a null mutant for β-kafirin in Sorghum. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.

Allelopathic effects of rice (Oryza sativa L.) on the growth of awnless barnyard grass [Echinochloa colona (L.) Link]: a new form for weed management

2008-06-10T00:00:00Z

Allelopathic potential of Cambodian rice lines under field conditions

2010-01-17T00:00:00Z

Allergen databases

2007-08-13T00:00:00Z

Allergies represent a significant medical and industrial problem. Molecular and clinical data on allergens are growing exponentially and in this article we have reviewed nine specialized allergen databases and identified data sources related to protein allergens contained in general purpose molecular databases. An analysis of allergens contained in public databases indicates a high level of redundancy of entries and a relatively low coverage of allergens by individual databases. From this analysis we identify current database needs for allergy research and, in particular, highlight the need for a centralized reference allergen database.

Alleviation of Cu and Pb rhizotoxicities in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as related to ion activities at the root plasma membrane surface

2011-09-22T00:00:00Z

Allometric exponents do not support a universal metabolic allometry

2009-02-25T00:00:00Z

The debate about the value of the allometric scaling exponent (b) relating metabolic rate to body mass (metabolic rate = a × massb) is ongoing, with published evidence both for and against a 3/4-power scaling law continuing to accumulate. However, this debate often revolves around a dichotomous distinction between the 3/4-power exponent predicted by recent models of nutrient distribution networks and a 2/3 exponent predicted by Euclidean surface-area-to-volume considerations. Such an approach does not allow for the possibility that there is no single “true” exponent. In the present study, we conduct a meta-analysis of 127 interspecific allometric exponents to determine whether there is a universal metabolic allometry or if there are systematic differences between taxa or between metabolic states. This analysis shows that the effect size of mass on metabolic rate is significantly heterogeneous and that, on average, the effect of mass on metabolic rate is stronger for endotherms than for ectotherms. Significant differences between scaling exponents were also identified between ectotherms and endotherms, as well as between metabolic states (e.g., rest, field, and exercise), a result that applies to b values estimated by ordinary least squares, reduced major axis, and phylogenetically correct regression models. The lack of support for a single exponent model suggests that there is no universal metabolic allometry and represents a significant challenge to any model that predicts only a single value of b.

A longitudinal index study of orthodontic stability and relapse

Olive, R. J. og Basford, K. E. — 2007-08-15T00:00:00Z

Background: Previous studies of stability and relapse after orthodontic treatment report short-term stability is generally followed by slow relapse to the original condition. What these studies do not report is whether this relapse is continuous or interspersed with periods of improvement or stability. Methods: A subjective 0-10 index of malocclusion was used to record post-treatment stability and relapse over 10 to 12 years following fixed appliance orthodontic treatment of 24 patients. The severity scores were plotted on timelines. Results: Episodes of change, both favourable and unfavourable, were interspersed with episodes of stability. Conclusions: Changes in the first 3 and 12 months post-treatment are indicative of the 10 to 12 years post-treatment outcomes. This index may provide a useful instrument to analyze patients and/or their study models longitudinally.

A longitudinal study of farmers and trainers capturing climate information for sustainable development

2008-05-15T00:00:00Z

A longitudinal study of farmers and trainers capturing climate information for sustainable development

2012-05-14T00:00:00Z

Alpine proglacial suspended sediment dynamics in warm and cool ablation seasons: Implications for global warming

Stott, T. og Mount, N. — 2007-08-15T00:00:00Z

Alternative methods of delivering aid to small and vulnerable states

2008-06-10T14:27:21Z

Alternative technologies for aseptic processing

Datta, N. og Deeth, H. C. — 2008-06-10T00:00:00Z

Alternative technologies for producing sterile low acid food products

Deeth, HC og Datta, N — 2007-08-14T00:00:00Z

Four emerging high-energy non-thermal technologies may replace or augment heating for producing sterile low-acid food products. High pressure, high-voltage pulsed electric field, high-energy ultrasound and high-intensity pulsed light are all capable of reducing bacterial spore counts under certain conditions. However, only non-continuous high pressure treatments, at temperatures higher than ambient, are currently capable of completely inactivating spores and producing sterile food products. The first three technologies also reduce the resistance of spores to inactivation by heat.

A lucid key to the suburban weeds of Queensland

2008-06-06T00:00:00Z