http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/ The University of Queensland en Fez http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:147629 2008-06-06T00:00:00Z Napier-Munn, T. J. og O'Connor, C. og Wright, M. og Stribley, D. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:161684 2009-01-23T00:00:00Z Dlamini, M. F. og Powell, M. S. og Meyer, C. J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:261959 2011-11-22T00:00:00Z Jamil, Noorina Hidayu og Palaniandy, Samayamutthirian http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:183069 2009-09-03T00:00:00Z Saensunon, B. og Stewart, G. A. og Pax, R. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:73890 This communication reports a laboratory and plant comparison between the University of Cape Town (UCT) device (capillary) and the McGill University bubble sizing method (imaging). The laboratory work was conducted on single bubbles to establish the accuracy of the techniques by comparing with a reference method (capture in a burette). Single bubble measurements with the McGill University technique showed a tendency to slightly underestimate (4% for a 1.3 mm bubble) and the UCT technique to slightly overestimate (1% for the 1.3 man bubble). Both trends are anticipated from fundamental considerations. In the UCT technique bubble breakup was observed when measuring a 2.7 mm bubble using a 0.5 mm ID capillary tube. A discrepancy of 11% was determined when comparing the techniques in an industrial-scale mechanical flotation cell. The possible sources of bias are discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2007-08-15T00:00:00Z Hernandez-Aguilar, J. R. og Coleman, R. G. og Gomez, C. O. og Finch, J. A. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:285848 2012-11-19T13:41:16Z Gu, Ying og Robert Schouwstra og Wang, Deming http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:103494 2007-08-23T00:00:00Z Coleman, R. G. og Urtubia, E. og Alexander, D. J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:161754 2009-01-27T00:00:00Z Mainza, A. og Powell, M. S. og Knopjes, B. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:222710 2010-11-28T00:00:00Z Brough, C. P. og Bradshaw, D. J. og Becker, M. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:131518 A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the dense medium cyclone (DMC) has been developed, using Fluent, by coupling component models for the air-core, the magnetite medium and coal particles. Simulations of turbulent driven flow in a dense medium cyclone with magnetite medium showed that the predicted air-core shape and diameter were close to experimental results measured by gamma ray tomography. Multiphase simulations (air/water/medium) using the large Eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model, together with viscosity corrections according to the feed particle loading factor, gave accurate predictions of axial magnetite segregation, with results close to gamma ray tomography data. Addition of lift forces and viscosity correction improved the radial magnetite segregation predictions especially near the wall. Predicted density profiles are very close to gamma ray tomography data, showing a clear density drop near the wall. At higher feed densities the agreement between the empirical correlations of [Dungilson, M.E., 1998. A model to predict the performance of the dense medium cyclone for low and high density applications, In: Seventh JKMRC Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 67-84; Wood, J.C., 1990. A performance model for coal-washing dense medium cyclones, Ph.D. Thesis, JKMRC, University of Queensland] and the CFD are reasonably good, but the overflow density from CFD is lower than the empirical model predictions and experimental values. It is believed that excessive underflow volumetric flow rates are responsible for under prediction of the overflow density. The partition characteristics of the DMC for particles between 0.5 and 8 mm in diameter were modeled using Lagrangian particle tracking. For the first time, the pivot phenomenon, in which partition curves for different sizes of coal pass through a common pivot point, has been successfully modeled using CFD. The values of E-p predicted by the Lagrangian particle tracking are very close to the experimental values although cut-point predictions deviate slightly. This comprehensive CFD model provides a tool for new DMC design with clear advantages over approaches based on constructing and trialling new designs experimentally. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2008-03-03T00:00:00Z Narasimha, M. og Brennan, M. S. og Holtham, P. N. og Napier-Munn, T. J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:255574 2011-10-13T00:00:00Z Bird, Matt og Powell, Malcolm og Robertson, Jason og Hilden, Marko og Franke, Jochen http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:193119 In the processing of sulphide ores, there is generally a concentration step such as flotation, before smelting. One of the problems arising in the smelter is the presence of ‘MgO’ and one of the major challenges in the flotation step is to reduce the amount of ‘MgO’ recovered to the concentrate and thus reporting to the smelter. The reporting of ‘MgO’ in concentrates is a pseudo-representation of the range of actual magnesium-bearing minerals which are present in the ore and concentrator products. However, since the total amount of ‘MgO’ present in a concentrate is what drives the smelting problem, regardless of which mineral source, the ‘MgO’ content is the measurement of interest. One of the major sources of MgO is pyroxene, and particularly orthopyroxene. The common occurrence of talc, which also bears MgO, in association with orthopyroxene, warrants additional focus on this mineral. This paper reviews the occurrences of pyroxene and talc in sulphide ore bodies, focussing on the Merensky ore in South Africa and the Sudbury ores in Canada. The various mechanisms by which it reports to the concentrate and methods of reducing these mechanisms, are discussed. 2010-01-19T00:00:00Z Lotter, N. O. og Bradshaw, D. J. og Becker, M. og Parolis, L. A. og Kormos, L. J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:268738 2012-03-01T00:00:00Z Somasundaran, P. og Wang, Jing og Nagaraj, D. R. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:191560 The beneficial effects of the synergy between two or more reagents were realized long time ago. The purpose of using a mixture of collectors was to increase both the recovery and selectivity. In this work, two thiol collectors, isopropyl xanthate (SIPX) and di-isobutyl dithiophosphinate (DTPI), having different chemical and functional properties, were used. The adsorption behaviour of these collectors from their mixtures was investigated at various SIPX:DTPI ratios and sequence of addition by cyclic voltammetry and adsorption experiments at pH 9.2. The results showed that both the ratio of collectors in these mixtures, and sequence of addition were important. The amount of total collector (SIPX and DTPI) adsorbed on chalcopyrite was measured for these various reagent mixtures and for single collectors. Two maxima were found. One was found for the 30:70 DTPI:SIPX suite in which the DTPI was added first. A second was found with the 50:50 SIPX:DTPI suite when the collectors were added together. These results revealed that the maximum synergistic effect of using mixture of SIPX and DTPI was strongly influenced by the ratio of the collectors in the mixture and particularly sequence of addition. 2010-01-07T00:00:00Z Bagci, Esra og Ekmekci, Zafir og Bradshaw, Dee http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:268736 Guar gum, a polysaccharide, is now widely used in many industrial areas such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles, food and mineral industries. One important application is its use as a depressant for talceous gangue minerals in the flotation of nickel and platinum bearing ores. However, the mechanisms of gum adsorption on solids are not clearly established. In this work, adsorption of guar gum at the solid–liquid interfaces is investigated using spectroscopic and allied techniques. Guar gum adsorption on talc was found to be not affected significantly by changes in solution conditions such as pH and ionic strength, ruling out electrostatic force as the controlling factor. Electrokinetic studies showed that guar gum decreased the negative zeta potential of talc but did not reverse the charge. No desorption was observed, which suggests strong binding of this polymer on solid surfaces. Fluorescence spectroscopy studies conducted to investigate the role of hydrophobic bonding using pyrene and dansyl probes showed no evidence of the formation of hydrophobic domains at talc–aqueous interface. Urea, a hydrogen bond breaker, reduced the adsorption of guar on talc to the same extent as that for guar/alumina system, in which hydrogen bond plays an important role. All of the above results suggest that one of the main driving forces for guar adsorption on talc is hydrogen bonding rather than electrostatic or hydrophobic force. 2012-03-01T00:00:00Z Wang, J. og Somasundaran, P. og Nagaraj, D. R. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:192251 The depression of pyrite in sulfide flotation by two types of polysaccharides, CMC and guar, was investigated using micro-flotation tests, zeta potential measurements and adsorption tests. Environmentally and from an occupational safety standpoint – this would be a better processing option than cyanide. The range of variables tested included molecular weight of guar, degree of substitution of CMC,pH and the concentration of calcium ions in the flotation process water. The guar gums depressed pyrite considerably even at low dosages. An optimum dosage of 10 ppm was recommended. The CMC’s were not as effective as the guar gums, and required much higher dosages to achieve pyrite depression. Within the range of CMC’s tested, lower degree of substitution was more effective than high degree of substitution. This was presumably due to lower electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged CMC and pyrite. When calcium ions were introduced with CMC’s, the adsorption of the CMC was considerably enhanced. No such effect was observed for guar gums.Both CMC and guar gums demonstrated Langmuirian behavior in their adsorption isotherms. Two different adsorption mechanisms were displayed. The guar gum adsorption was attributed to hydrogen bonding and Bronsted acid–base interaction. The CMC was considered to occur through electrostatic interaction in the presence of calcium ions, and Bronsted acid–base interaction depending on pH. 2010-01-12T00:00:00Z Bicak, O. og Ekmekci, Z. og Bradshaw, D. J. og Harris, P. J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:193884 2010-01-27T00:00:00Z Bicak, O. og Ekmekci, Z. og Bradshaw, D. J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:193818 2010-01-25T00:00:00Z Bicak, O. og Ekmekci, Z. og Bradshaw, D. J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:192509 We present advanced semiconductor diagnosis by using electron-beam-induced current (EBIC) technique. By varying the parameters such as temperature, accelerating voltage (Vacc), bias voltage, and stressing time, it is possible to extend EBIC application from conventional defect characterization to advanced device diagnosis. As an electron beam can excite a certain volume even beneath the surface passive layer, EBIC can be effectively employed to diagnose complicated devices with hybrid structure. Three topics were selected to demonstrate EBIC applications. First, the recombination activities of grain boundaries and their interaction with Fe impurity in photovoltaic multicrystalline Si (mc-Si) are clarified by temperature-dependent EBIC. Second, the detection of dislocations between strained-Si and SiGe virtual substrate are shown to overcome the limitation of depletion region. Third, the observation of leakage sites in high-k gate dielectric is demonstrated for the characterization of advanced hybrid device structures. SCANNING 30: 347-353, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc 2010-01-14T00:00:00Z Chen, J. og Yuan, X. L. og Sekiguchi, T. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:143853 2008-06-10T00:00:00Z Djordjevic, N. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:187599 2009-11-23T00:00:00Z Napier-Munn, T. J. og Gibson, G. og Bessen, B. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:162024 2009-01-28T00:00:00Z Govender, I, og Powell, M. S. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:193105 A single film (typical of a film in a foam) moving in a confined geometry (i.e. confined between closely spaced top and bottom plates) is analysed via the viscous froth model. In the first instance the film is considered to be straight (as viewed from above the top plate) but is not flat. Instead it is curved (with a circular arc cross-section) in the direction across the confining plates. This curvature leads to a maximal possible steady propagation velocity for the film, which is characterised by the curved film meeting the top and bottom plates tangentially. Next the film is considered to propagate in a channel (i.e. between top and bottom plates and sidewalls, with the sidewall separation exceeding that of the top and bottom plates). The film is now curved along as well as across the top and bottom plates. Curvature along the plates arises from viscous drag forces on the channel sidewall boundaries. The maximum steady propagation velocity is unchanged, but can now also be associated with films meeting channel sidewalls tangentially, a situation which should be readily observable if the film is viewed from above the top plate. Observed from above, however, the film need not appear as an arc of a circle. Instead the film may be relatively straight along much of its length, with curvature pushed into boundary layers at the sidewalls. 2010-01-19T00:00:00Z Grassia, P. G og Montes-Atenas, G. og Lue, L. og Green, T. E. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:95539 2007-08-23T00:00:00Z Manlapig, E. og Franzidis, J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:270421 Australian Mineral Industries Research Association P9 project developed a methodology to conduct gas dispersion measurements (such as superficial gas velocity, gas hold-up and bubble size) in industrial flotation celts. These measurements are used to calculate the bubble surface area flux, which has a strong relationship with cell recovery. JKTech conducted gas dispersion measurements on the Stream II lead flotation circuit at Rampura Agucha Mine as part of an optimisation study. Superficial gas velocity profiles were used in simulations (using JKSimFloat software) to provide guidance for the potential circuit improvements. Simulation results showed that the galena grade could be improved by 1.7% white maintaining similar lead and silver recoveries in the final lead concentrate. The optimum superficial gas velocity profile from simulations was implemented in the Stream II lead flotation circuit and the results were compared with the previous plant data. It was shown that the lead circuit achieved a 2% grade improvement in the final lead concentrate. 2012-03-19T00:00:00Z Surapaneni, Pavan og Schwarz, Sarah og Alexander, Dan og Collins, David og Reddi, Srikanth og Sharma, Rajkumar http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:271592 The air core is one of the most important internal structures in the flow field of hydrocyclones. One difficulty in predicting the flow split in cyclones is the inability to specify the form and location of the air-core surface. In the usual cyclone models the interface that bounds the air-core is described by a fixed cylindrical surface, which greatly simplifies the problem. Most of the available air core models suit only hydrocyclones operating with water or very dilute slurries. An attempt has been made in this study to develop a semi-empirical model, capable of predicting the air core diameter correctly for hydrocyclones under different operating conditions. The model considers the effect of axial length, underflow and overflow dimensions, feed solids concentration and other significant operating conditions on predict air core size. The predictions are compared with data sets available in the literature. It was observed that the air core diameter reduces with increase in the feed solids concentration and with decrease in height from the roof of the cyclone towards the apex zone. 2012-03-26T00:00:00Z Narasimha, M. og Mainza, A. N. og Holtham, P. N. og Brennan, M. S. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:68135 Mineral processing plants use two main processes; these are comminution and separation. The objective of the comminution process is to break complex particles consisting of numerous minerals into smaller simpler particles where individual particles consist primarily of only one mineral. The process in which the mineral composition distribution in particles changes due to breakage is called 'liberation'. The purpose of separation is to separate particles consisting of valuable mineral from those containing nonvaluable mineral. The energy required to break particles to fine sizes is expensive, and therefore the mineral processing engineer must design the circuit so that the breakage of liberated particles is reduced in favour of breaking composite particles. In order to effectively optimize a circuit through simulation it is necessary to predict how the mineral composition distributions change due to comminution. Such a model is called a 'liberation model for comminution'. It was generally considered that such a model should incorporate information about the ore, such as the texture. However, the relationship between the feed and product particles can be estimated using a probability method, with the probability being defined as the probability that a feed particle of a particular composition and size will form a particular product particle of a particular size and composition. The model is based on maximizing the entropy of the probability subject to mass constraints and composition constraint. Not only does this methodology allow a liberation model to be developed for binary particles, but also for particles consisting of many minerals. Results from applying the model to real plant ore are presented. A laboratory ball mill was used to break particles. The results from this experiment were used to estimate the kernel which represents the relationship between parent and progeny particles. A second feed, consisting primarily of heavy particles subsampled from the main ore was then ground through the same mill. The results from the first experiment were used to predict the product of the second experiment. The agreement between the predicted results and the actual results are very good. It is therefore recommended that more extensive validation is needed to fully evaluate the substance of the method. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2007-08-15T00:00:00Z Gay, S. L. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:192798 Aligned coaxial nanocables were grown on Si substrates by a vapor-deposition technique. The lengths of the nanocables increased as the distance between the substrate and the source decreased. The nanocables were characterized as homogeneously crystallized shells of about 25 nm thick, diameters of about 100 nm, and round top ends. It was found that the shell emits an intense middle-ultraviolet about 300 nm at room temperature. This emission was attributed to the thin double-layer structure in the Zn−Zn2SiO4 core−shell nanocable where the Zn2SiO4 shell has the potential to serve as more ideal luminophors. The results demonstrated that the nanocable density could be changed by altering nucleation density at the steps on the substrate surface. The unique growth manner described herein provides a new technique for the homogeneous crystallization of Zn−Zn2SiO4 core−shell nanocables. 2010-01-15T00:00:00Z Feng, Xia og Yuan, Xiaoli og Sekiguchi, Takashi og Lin, Wenzhi og Kang, Junyong http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:268604 2012-02-28T00:00:00Z Bonis, Ioannis og Xie, Weiguo og Theodoropoulos, Constantinos http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:202837 2010-04-14T00:00:00Z Condori, P. og Mainza, A. og Govender, I. og Powell, M. S. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:251926 2011-09-13T00:00:00Z Keeney, L. og Walters, S. G. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:161543 2009-01-22T00:00:00Z Alexander, D. og Collins, D. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:282989 2012-10-08T13:15:50Z Moghaddam, M. M. og Mohsen, Yahyaei og Banisi, S. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:206700 Tumbling mill scale-up has had largely empirical roots. Energy size and energy size distribution relationships have been derived from relatively large data bases combined with a sprinkling of fundamental science. High fidelity simulation (HFS), which is based on multi-physics models, allows one to examine the interactions that occur in a mill amongst media, particles, wear parts and slurry at the microscale level. Thus, fundamental questions concerning particle capture, energy utilization and fragment creation as they depend on bequipment sizeQ can be addressed. In this paper, the process is taken from the single particle breakage level, through laboratory grinding experiments up to full-scale commercial mill operation. The basis for certain empirical relationships is explained in fundamental terms. A look at the future of scale-up based on the use of such tools is presented. C. 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. 2010-07-02T00:00:00Z Herbst, John A. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:227728 2011-01-27T00:00:00Z Danoucaras, Natasha og Vianna, Sergio M.S. og Nguyen, Anh V. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:143857 Sequential plant performance data, such as daily metal recovery, are shown to follow a first order autoregressive time series model. This has been used to modify the standard formula for the paired t-test in evaluating on-off trials of alternative operating conditions, such as a new flotation reagent or circuit configuration. The modified test is more powerful than the standard test, requiring less trials to reach a decision at a given level of confidence. The power increases with the value of the AR(1) autocorrelation coefficient. The paper gives formulae for the modified test and for calculating the number of data pairs required to detect a given difference at a particular confidence level. An example of the use of the new test is given. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 2008-06-10T00:00:00Z Napier-Munn, T. J. og Meyer, D. H. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:284383 2012-11-05T00:00:00Z Powell, M. S. og Hilden, M. M. og Weerasekara, N. og Yahyaei, M. og Toor, P. og Franke, J. og Bird, M. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:187989 2009-11-26T00:00:00Z Musa, F. og Morrison, R. D. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:273656 2012-05-07T00:00:00Z Ozer, Can E. og Whiten, William J. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:189492 2009-12-09T00:00:00Z Genc, O. og Benzer, H. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:99996 2007-08-24T00:00:00Z Miller, G. M. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:187984 Analysis of electrical resistance tomography (ERT) data using least-squares regression modelling in industrial process tomographs has been tested. Potential differences measured between electrodes in rings have been used to carry out the regression modelling to investigate the location and size of a disturbance present in the system. Extensive experiments have been carried out with ERT to test a suitable regression algorithm to extract the disturbance. Current analysis has been performed for a single disturbance known to be present in the system. For the environment considered, the least-squares regression reported in this paper demonstrates an alternative approach for analysis of tomography data in industrial applications. The position (concentric or off-centre) and the size of the disturbance (in concentric cases) can be well defined by the reported regression modelling approach. However, it is still a challenge to define the size of the off-centre disturbance. 2009-11-26T00:00:00Z Khanal, Manoj og Morrison, Rob http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:97030 2007-08-24T00:00:00Z Guerney, P. J. og Dunglison, M. E. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:79022 Stirred Mills are becoming increasingly used for fine and ultra-fine grinding. This technology is still poorly understood when used in the mineral processing context. This makes process optimisation of such devices problematic. 3D DEM simulations of the flow of grinding media in pilot scale tower mills and pin mills are carried out in order to investigate the relative performance of these stirred mills. In the first part of this paper, media flow patterns and energy absorption rates and distributions were analysed to provide a good understanding of the media flow and the collisional environment in these mills. In this second part we analyse steady state coherent flow structures, liner stress and wear by impact and abrasion. We also examine mixing and transport efficiency. Together these provide a comprehensive understanding of all the key processes operating in these mills and a clear understanding of the relative performance issues. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2007-08-15T00:00:00Z Cleary, P. W. og Sinnott, M. og Morrison, R. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:79023 Stirred mills are becoming increasingly used for fine and ultra-fine grinding. This technology is still poorly understood when used in the mineral processing context. This makes process optimisation of such devices problematic. 3D DEM simulations of the flow of grinding media in pilot scale tower mills and pin mills are carried out in order to investigate the relative performance of these stirred mills. Media flow patterns and energy absorption rates and distributions are analysed here. In the second part of this paper, coherent flow structures, equipment wear and mixing and transport efficiency are analysed. (C) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 2007-08-15T00:00:00Z Sinnott, M. og Cleary, P. W. og Morrison, R. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:161810 2009-01-27T00:00:00Z Bbosa, L. S. og Mainza, A. N. og Powell, M. S. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:99555 2007-08-24T00:00:00Z Drinkwater, D. J. og Kelly, G. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:149910 2008-06-06T00:00:00Z Vera, M. A. og Franzidis, J. og Manlapig, E. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:161880 The kinematic data resulting from 3D particle tracking experiments of a typical bulk charge particle is used to derive an empirical power model that forms the basis for comparison between the DEM and experiment. The model is derived from the center of circulation coordinates and given as a function of mill speed. The wide range of milling configurations coupled with experimental trajectory data accurate to within 0.15 mm in spatial resolution ensure that the comparisons are robust. The power prediction from both the DEM and experiment is done for a 142 mm diameter mill of the same length and charged with 4596 particles with a mean diameter of 6.1 mm. 2009-01-28T00:00:00Z Govender, I. og Powell, M. S. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:64833 An energy-based swing hammer mill model has been developed for coke oven feed preparation. it comprises a mechanistic power model to determine the dynamic internal recirculation and a perfect mixing mill model with a dual-classification function to mimic the operations of crusher and screen. The model parameters were calibrated using a pilot-scale swing hammer mill at various operating conditions. The effects of the underscreen configurations and the feed sizes on hammer mill operations were demonstrated through the fitted model parameters. Relationships between the model parameters and the machine configurations were established. The model was validated using the independent experimental data of single lithotype coal tests with the same BJD pilot-scale hammer mill and full operation audit data of an industrial hammer mill. The outcome of the energy-based swing hammer mill model is the capability to simulate the impact of changing blends of coal or mill configurations and operating conditions on product size distribution. Alternatively, the model can be used to select the machine settings required to achieve a desired product. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 2007-08-14T00:00:00Z Shi, F. N. og Kojovic, T. og Esterle, J. S. og David, D.